Female-specific upregulation of insulin pathway activity mediates the sex difference in <i>Drosophila</i> body size plasticity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nutrient-dependent body size plasticity differs between the sexes in most species, including mammals. Previous work in Drosophila showed that body size plasticity was higher in females, yet the mechanisms underlying the sex difference in body size plasticity remain unclear. Here, we discover that a protein-rich diet augments body size in females and not males because of a female-specific increase in activity of the conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS). This increased IIS activity was triggered by a diet-induced increase in stunted , and required Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2 , illuminating new sex-specific roles for these genes. Importantly, we show that sex determination gene transformer regulates the diet-induced increase in stunted and IIS activity, and mediates the sex difference in body size plasticity. This identifies one sex-specific mechanism underlying the nutrient-dependent regulation of IIS activity and body size plasticity, providing vital insight into conserved mechanisms that mediate sex differences in phenotypic plasticity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".