Ultralow-Power Double Vertical Junction Microdisk Modulators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the most critical elements in a data center transceiver is the optoelectronic modulator. In a silicon-based optoelectronic modulator, the ultimate performance depends on the orientation and positioning of its pn junction(s). In comparison to a conventional, lateral pn junction, a vertical pn junction improves energy efficiency by having a stronger overlap with the resonant optical signal. Adding to this design philosophy, we present two new designs of vertical junction modulators: (i) a double vertical junction, which doubles the interaction length, and (ii) a staggered double vertical junction, which further increases the interaction length by adding a lateral component to the double junction design. In this work, we provide a comprehensive numerical comparison of microring/disk modulators between the conventional, lateral pn junction and our vertical pn junction designs. We demonstrate how our new double vertical junction configurations offer the most promising power performance characteristics, with an energy-efficiency improvement by over a factor of 4. Our work may pave the way for new, energy-efficient silicon modulators in next-generation information processing and communications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".