Model tests on biogrouted granular columns in soft soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the possible use of a bio-cementation process to reduce excessive bulging that occurs during the loading of granular columns in soft clays. A 12-phase percolation bio-chemical treatment technique was used to bio-cement part of the columns targeting the columns upper section, where bulging usually occurs. Upon application of unit cell surface loads up to 350 kPa, placement of a bio-cemented granular column substantially reduced the vertical strains by 43% to 48% compared with an un-cemented granular column and 56% to 60% compared with unreinforced kaolin clay for just a low replacement ratio of 11%. Bulging was reduced by 62% to 75% following bio-cementation and mostly occurred where bio-cementation was less evident. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy validated the existence of calcium carbonate. This study presents a relatively new alternative to reducing bulging in granular columns using a promising approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".