Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nous proposons une méthode de calcul de la valeur ajoutée bancaire ajustée du risque de crédit. En appliquant cette méthode sur une base de données trimestrielle originale, nous montrons qu’en moyenne sur la période 2003-2015, la production bancaire en France est surestimée de 50 %. Ainsi, le poids moyen des institutions financières dans le PIB français passe de 2,9 % à 2 % entre 2003 et 2015. De plus, à partir d’une analyse empirique fondée sur des modèles ARDL, nous montrons que la méthode proposée suit le cycle économique alors que la méthode actuelle de calcul de la valeur ajoutée bancaire en est déconnectée. Ce faisant, la méthode de calcul que nous proposons est en adéquation avec les critères fixés par les institutions internationales pour la mesure de la valeur ajoutée bancaire. Classification JEL : E43, G21.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.655 | 0.625 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".