Interannual solar and net radiation trends in the Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[1] Net and solar radiation trends over the past half-century at Alert and Resolute Bay, Nunavut, are presented and analyzed. Substantive changes to the Canadian Arctic climate are observed over the data record. Decreases of 2.25% and 2.50% per decade in solar radiation are observed at Alert and Resolute Bay, respectively. An exploration of cloudless-day radiation data suggests that this trend is likely driven by changes in atmospheric constituents. Even more significant overall increases in net radiation of 26.7% and 17.9% of the overall mean value per decade are measured at the respective locations, with those changes concentrated in the months of May and June. Exploration of annual and interannual albedo data reflects this result in earlier snowmelt dates and longer snow-free periods. Evidence is presented showing that, in addition to increased temperatures, changes to the snowmelt date are being driven by increases in winter incoming longwave radiation. Resulting increased totals of net longwave radiation provide enhanced energy for snowmelt, thereby decreasing annual average albedo and increasing annual totals of net radiation. A persistently positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation in the mid-1990s countered this overall trend and resulted in lower net radiation values. In this period, decreased stratospheric temperatures from an enhanced polar vortex drove decreased snowmelt and lower annual totals of net radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".