Three-Axis Borehole Gravity Feasibility Method and its Application to CO2 Storage Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Geophysical monitoring of underground CO2 injection forms an important component of a carbon capture and storage program. Until recently, seismic methods were used to map the spreading of CO2 plume and are the dominant technique used for monitoring. However, there is a disadvantage in use of seismic whose relationship with fluid saturation are interpreted based on the empirical rock physics models using effective medium theory and often only known by statistical methods with large error bars. Gravity measurements have a unique advantage among many geophysical methods that the mass density change being detected by the gravity within a reservoir is directly and uniquely related to the dynamic fluid redistribution. In this paper the status of a program to develop a wireline deployable three-axis borehole gravity sensor with a target sensitivity of ~ 5 μ Gal is firstly introduced, using a resonant MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) vibrating beam technology innovation. Followed by a feasibility study for monitoring of CO2 in a deep reservoir at the Aquistore storage site in Canada. We model and predict the gravity variation due to density changes during a period of CO2 injection. This study demonstrates the pre-survey feasibility modelling of the emerging field of timelapse gravity monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".