Older Adults with First-Onset Schizophrenia: An Under-Recognized and Under-Served Patient Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schizophrenia is typically understood to be a disorder with onset in early adulthood, but nearly a quarter of patients are estimated to develop schizophrenia after age 40. Late-onset schizophrenia (patients with onset after age 40) and very-late onset schizophrenia (patients with onset after age 60) are historically an under-recognized and under-served population. Reasons for this are manifold, and may include barriers such as inconsistent terminology used to describe these patients, challenges with diagnosing, and lack of resources and research for these patients. To overcome these barriers, the DSM should include these subsets and provide clear diagnostic criteria. Incorporating these subsets into the learning objectives of medical school and residency programs would also promote further education and thus recognition of these patients. Finally, allocating funds towards resources and research in first-onset diagnosis of schizophrenia in adults over 40 would optimize treatment and improve understanding of this vulnerable patient population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".