Intense variability of dissolved oxygen and temperature in the internal swash zone of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermocline of large, stratified lakes is constantly sloshing along the sloping bed, creating a spatially variable internal swash zone. Temperature and dissolved oxygen vary rapidly here, potentially impacting fish habitat on timescales of hours. Large spatial differences in the time-dependent variance of temperature around Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, Canada, were partly controlled by basin shape and bathymetry. The temporal variability was nearly twice as large at sites along the mildly sloping, narrow, upwind end of the basin relative to those at a similar depth at the steeper, broad, downwind end. Because the thermocline and oxycline were coincident, the same physical mechanisms resulted in a dissolved oxygen variance also twice as great at the mild slope compared to the steeper slope. Frequent hypoxic events occurred throughout the internal swash zone, drastically reducing the availability of fish habitat for anoxia-intolerant species. In the dynamic littoral zone, weekly measurements would overlook the acute temporal variability of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Here, we demonstrate that field observations and 3-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic modelling can predict how basin morphometry affects internal seiche dynamics and spatial variability of internal swash zones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".