International experience on the improvement of national management technology and legal regulation of public contracts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of the research is to study the global experience of the legal regulation and organization of public procurement (from a not only legal but also a technological perspective), which should be the basis for suggestions to improve the legal regulation mechanism for procurement public in Ukraine. For the implementation of the comparative legal part of the study, normative legal acts and acts of official interpretation of the legal systems of the following states, as well as related scientific and scientific-practical materials, were used: USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Switzerland, South Korea, United Kingdom, Japan, Egypt, Canada, Malaysia, Israel, India, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand. The unification of electronic public procurements systems remains to be a topical and unresolved task for the WTO GPA member countries. The experience of some countries in encouraging small and medium-sized enterprises in electronic public procurement is considered progressive and positive. We consider it necessary to adopt the experience of the USA, Israel, China countries and accelerate the adoption of laws in Ukraine to support national producers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".