Degradation of crumb rubber modified railway ballast under impact loading considering aggregate gradation and rubber size
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Impact loads generated from the dynamic effect of passing trains can exacerbate the degradation level of ballast aggregate of railway track. To diminish the induced impact loads, the use of crumb rubber (CR) in the ballast course is characterized as a well-established procedure related to the modification of utilized material. Nonetheless, more in-depth assessments of size and percentage of CR particles combined with ballast aggregate are still required. The present study evaluates the influence of size and content of CR particles used for degradation reduction of ballast aggregate subjected to impact loading. For this purpose, a large-scale impact loading test is carried out on prepared specimens of aggregate by considering the initial gradation, subgrade condition, as well as the size and content of CR particles. The results indicate less ballast degradation for a higher percentage of CR particles. Meanwhile, the enhancement of rubber modified ballast against deterioration is further highlighted in the case of rigid subgrade. In addition, incorporation of larger-sized CR particles (12.5–25 mm) in a ballast specimen comprising more uniform gradation of aggregate can more effectively diminish the amount of degradation. Nevertheless, using smaller-sized CR particles (4.75–9.5 mm) for a ballast sample consisting of a broader range of sizes can better improve resistance against degradation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it