Forskolin Protected against Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background . Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the cardiac complications in diabetes patients, eventually resulting in heart failure and increasing morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress is a critical pathological feature in diabetic hearts, contributing to the development of DCM. Forskolin (FSK) was shown to reduce oxidative stress. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of FSK on diabetic hearts and the relevant molecular mechanisms. Methods . Streptozotocin‐ (STZ‐) induced diabetes in mice was treated with FSK through intraperitoneal injection. Cardiac functions were evaluated by echocardiography. Hematoxylin‐eosin and Masson trichrome staining was employed to determine heart morphological changes and cardiac fibrosis, respectively. Cardiac fibrosis‐related markers were detected by western blot. Superoxide dismutase activity, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, and malondialdehyde concentration in left ventricles were determined using respective commercial kits. Results . Abnormal cardiac diastolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis were observed in diabetic hearts. FSK treatment significantly improved the cardiac diastolic function and attenuated the abnormal morphological change in diabetic hearts. Moreover, FSK treatment in diabetic mice decreased the expression of fibronectin, collagen I, TGF‐ β , and α ‐SMA and reduced myocardial fibrosis. Furthermore, we observed that FSK significantly blocked oxidative stress in diabetic hearts. Conclusions . Our study demonstrates that FSK protects against the development of DCM in STZ‐induced diabetes in mice. Our study suggests that FSK might be a potential target for drug development in treating DCM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".