Polyaniline–Copper Composite: A Non-precious Metal Cathode Catalyst for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Platinum has been used extensively in low-temperature fuel cells (LTFCs), including polymer electrolyte fuel cells and microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Still, its replacement with low-cost alternatives has been a matter of considerable conjecture for some time. This study investigates the possible use of an electrochemically synthesized CP/PANi-Cu cathode as a low-cost replacement for a Pt cathode in MFCs and LTFCs. Thorough and detailed characterization and evaluation of the CP/PANi-Cu cathode was undertaken by electrochemical and advanced surface analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS, FTIR, 4-D X-ray microscopy, and 3D profilometry. Direct comparison of the proposed cathode with a CP/Pt cathode is used to justify its adequacy as a replacement for a platinum cathode. The PANi-Cu coating had a uniform nano-fibrous structure, which enhanced its performance as a cathode. In particular, the incorporation of copper into the coating enhanced its ORR activity. By comparison, the optimum CP/PANi-Cu cathode achieved a 170% higher j0apparent of 0.088 ± 0.003 mA cm–2 than obtained with a standard CP/Pt cathode with a Pt loading of 0.5 mg cm–2. Even when a higher Pt loading of 1.5 mg cm–2 was used, the CP/PANi-Cu cathode performance was still slightly better. The superiority of the CP/PANi-Cu cathode was also reflected in the obtained Rct value of 1.456 Ω cm–2 compared with 3.95 and 1.485 Ω cm–2 obtained with the CP/Pt cathode, which has a Pt loading of 0.5 and 1.5 mg cm–2, respectively. The results obtained by SEM, XPS, FTIR, 4D X-ray microscopy, and 3D profilometry confirmed the unique nature, composition, and presence of copper in the CP/PANi-Cu composite. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the proposed CP/PANi-Cu cathode can be adopted as a suitable low-cost replacement for a Pt cathode in LTFCs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".