Prenatal and Early Childhood Determinants of Enamel Hypoplasia in Infants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a recognized risk factor for dental caries. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between prenatal and early life risk factors, including prenatal nutritional status, and EH among infants. Methods: Pregnant mothers from an at-risk urban population in Manitoba, Canada were recruited during the second or early third trimester into a prospective cohort study. At baseline participants completed a questionnaire and provided a serum sample to analysze calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Dental examinations were completed at one year of age by an examiner blinded to mothers’ serum nutrient levels and parents completed a questionnaire by interview. Enamel defects were determined using the DDE index. Data were analyzed using descriptive techniques and regression analysis. A p value < 0.05 was significant. Results: Overall, 22% of infants had EH. Although mothers of infants with EH had lower mean concentrations of 25(OH)D, they did not statistically differ from values associated with children without EH (p=0.072). Infants with EH were significantly more likely to have early childhood caries (73% vs. 27%, p<.001). Four factors were significantly and independently associated with EH: prenatal maternal calcium levels (p=.030), not having heard of vitamin D (p=.033), not drinking milk frequently during pregnancy (p=.034), and not consuming margarine daily (p=.023). Conclusions: Several prenatal and early childhood determinants were identified to be associated with EH in infants and, due to the strong association with early childhood caries, the management of EH risk factors is critical to reducing oral health disparities in at-risk children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".