Leishmania australiensis infection in BALB/c nude mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent discovery of a novel species of Leishmania infecting marsupials in the Australian Northern Territory, namely, Leishmania australiensis, has raised many questions and concerns, including the risk of human leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Australia. Although L. australiensis is considered to be non-pathogenic to humans, it has high degree of similarity to human pathogenic species, which makes it an ideal candidate for identifying mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence in human leishmaniasis. Previous work done in our laboratory has showed that L. australiensis is able to infect and survive as amastigotes in a variety of human and murine in vitro cells, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. In addition, this parasite appears to modulate such cells and is resistant to complement mediated killing. In this study we show the effects of in vivo infection using BALB/c nu/nu mice as models. The subjects were infected with 105 stationary phase L. australiensis promastigotes in the ear pinna and examined weekly for skin lesions. The serum monitored for the presence of antibodies and cytokines and post mortem analysis of infected tissue as well as draining lymph node. The increased susceptibility of nude mouse to Leishmania infections in general will provide an ideal initial mouse model to study L. australiensis, analyse the infection in the absence of T cell lymphocytes and more importantly, compare to human pathogenic Leishmania species. The relevance of such a study is not limited to clarifying the pathogenicity of human pathogenic species but, as shown recently with L. tarentolae, non-human pathogenic Leishmania species may represent a safe alternative to either attenuated or subunit vaccines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".