A bubble structure dependent drag model for <scp>CFD</scp> simulation of bi‐disperse gas‐solid flow in bubbling fluidizations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, the bi‐disperse gas‐solid flow system inside a grid cell is decomposed into subsystems, and a bubble structure dependent drag model is proposed. The bi‐disperse drag correlation derived from direct numerical simulation is coupled to calculate the drag coefficient in subsystems. The effects of slip velocity, particle composition concentration, and solid concentration gradient are considered in the novel drag model. Three simulation cases are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the novel drag model. It is found that smaller particles strongly influence the heterogeneity of larger particles. Solids concentration gradient is obvious at the bubble surface, gas inlet, and the bed upper surface, indicating the dramatic change of interphase drag force in these regions. Simulation results predicted by the novel drag model are more accurate than the traditional drag model. The comparison between 2D and 3D simulations for a pseudo‐2D fluidized bed are also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".