Metformin Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Arrhythmias Compared With Sulfonylureas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders worldwide and is an important cause of cardiovascular disease. Studies investigating the risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in diabetic patients taking different oral diabetes medications are sparse. Methods: We used IBM MarketScan Medicare Supplemental Database to examine the risk of arrhythmias for patients on different oral diabetes medications by propensity score matching. Results: We found that patients on metformin monotherapy had significantly reduced risk of atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, compared with monotherapy with DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor) or thiazolidinedione medications. Patients on metformin monotherapy had significantly reduced risk of atrial arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradycardia compared with monotherapy with sulfonylureas. Combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin had an increased risk of atrial arrhythmias compared with some other combinations. Conclusions: Different oral diabetes medications have significantly different long-term risk of arrhythmia. Specifically, metformin is associated with reduced risk of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias compared with sulfonylureas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".