Comparison of public and private payments for direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) across Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key findingsNational Health Expenditure Trends, 2020 -the 24th edition of the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) annual publication on health expenditure trends -provides detailed, updated information on health expenditure in Canada.The 2020 release presents finalized 2018 actual health expenditures, updated 2019 preliminary estimates using current-year information, and a summary of 2020 COVID-19 government spending measures announced as of early October.National Health Expenditure Trends forecasts are based on Main Estimates and budgets, which were not available from all provinces and territories; therefore, 2020 health spending projections are not included in this release.The updated 2019 total health expenditure is expected to reach $265.5 billion or $7,064 per Canadian (revised from the $264.4 billion estimate in last year's report).• Overall, it is anticipated that health expenditure in 2019 will represent 11.5% of Canada's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019.• Compared with the 2018 actual figure, total 2019 health expenditure is expected to rise by 4.3%, a slight increase in the rate of growth from earlier in the decade.Actual total health expenditure for 2018 was $254.6 billion, slightly higher than the 2018 estimate in last year's report ($254.5 billion).Dollars 2019 7,064 6,872 2.8% Health spending, constant price Billions of dollars 2019 162.2 158.8 2.2% Health spending per capita, constant price Dollars 2019 4,316 4,284 0.7% Total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP Percentage 2019 11.5 11.5 0.4% By health spending category Hospitals share of total health spending Percentage 2019 26.4 26.8 -1.5% Drugs share of total health spending Percentage 2019 15.2 15.3 -0.6% Physicians share of total health spending Percentage 2019 14.9 15.0 -0.7%By sector Public-sector share of total spending Percentage 2019 70.4 70.4 0.0% Private-sector share of total spending Percentage 2019 29.6 29.6 0.1% Out-of-pocket expenditure per capita Dollars 2018 993.8 994.7 -0.1% Private insurance expenditure per capita Dollars 2018 842.6 823.2 2.3% Total health expenditure per capita Newfoundland and Labrador Dollars 2019 8,598 8,039 6.9% Prince
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".