New Formulation of Tertiary Amines for Thermally Stable and Cost-Effective Chemical Additive: Synthesis Procedure and Displacement Tests for High-Temperature Tertiary Recovery in Steam Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary A newly formulated chemical additive from a group of amines has been tested and applied to in-situ heavy oil thermal recovery. Switchable-hydrophilicity chemical additives were successfully synthesized from N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine in the form of homogeneous and hydrophilic solution. Fundamentally, tertiary amines comprise functional groups of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. These unique features enable this chemical additive to wet both water and heavy oil, yielding potential interfacial tension (IFT) improvement. Furthermore, the reversible chemical reaction of this chemical additive yields both positive and negative ions. An ion pair formed due to the adsorption of cations—[C8H17NH+]—on the surface of heavy oil, whereas the anions—[HCO3−]—promoted solid-phase surface charge modification, therefore, resulting in the repulsive forces between heavy oil and the rock surface—substantially improving water-wetness and restoring an irreversible wettability alteration due to the phase change phenomenon during steam injection. In this research, two types of heavy oil acquired from a field in western Alberta encompassing the viscosity of 5,616 and 46,140 cp at 25°C was utilized in each experiment. All experiments were performed and measured at high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) steam conditions up to 200 psi and 200°C. We perceived that favorable IFT reduction was achieved, and irreversible wettability could be restored after combining switchable-hydrophilicity tertiary amines (SHTA) with steam as a result of the solid-phase surface charge modification to be more negatively charged. Phase distribution/residual oil in the porous media developed after steam injection was able to be favorably recovered, indicating that capillary forces could be reduced. Consequently, more than 80% of the residual oil could be recuperated post-SHTA injection, presenting favorable oil recovery performance. In addition to this promising evidence, SHTA could be potentially recovered by switching its reversible chemical reaction to be in hydrophobic form, hence, promoting this chemical additive to be both reusable and more economically effective. Comprehensive studies and analyses on interfacial properties, phase distribution in porous media, and recovery performance exhibit essential points of view in further evaluating the potential of SHTA for tertiary recovery improvement. Valuable substantiations and findings provided by our research present useful information and recommendations for fields with steam injection applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".