Quantifying the forces applied during assisted calvings and the impacts on newborn beef calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dystocia is recognized as the leading cause of mortality in the beef industry, with almost 26% of neonatal calf losses being attributed to birth-related issues. The term dystocia is defined as a prolonged or difficult birth that may or may not require human intervention, while calving ease is a subjective measure of the effort required for an assisted delivery. A Canadian study reported that 8.9% of calvings in beef herds required assistance, with severe dystocia occurring in 3.7% of births. Similarly, in the United States, 7.7% and 3.4% of heifers and 3.2% and 1% of cows, respectively, required easy and hard pulls to deliver their calf. Despite the incidence and impacts of assisted calvings, there is little available data that quantifies the forces applied during an assisted delivery and the associated compromise in the newborn calf. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify the force applied during manual and mechanical delivery of beef calves, and 2) examine the association of force with calf birthweight, vigour, acidemia, and tissue trauma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".