Automated catheter segmentation using 3D ultrasound images in high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an important treatment modality for prostate cancer that maximizes radiation dose to cancerous tissue while sparing surrounding organs. Currently, treatment planning during HDR-BT is manually completed by medical physicists, a time-consuming and observer dependent process. We propose using deep learning through a U-Net architecture to automatically segment catheters in HDR prostate brachytherapy treatment planning. METHODS: 3D Ultrasound data along with the corresponding manual contours were obtained from 49 patients undergoing HDR prostate brachytherapy. The dataset was preprocessed and then exported for training and evaluation. The resulting model was assessed both quantitatively with binary segmentation metrics and qualitatively through 3D reconstructions. RESULTS: The output segmentations demonstrated consistency on different patient datasets and good visual agreement with ground truth images. The average execution time per patient is under 30.0 s, a significant improvement from manual contouring, which may require upwards of an hour. CONCLUSION: We trained and evaluated a 3D U-Net model for automatic catheter segmentation on 3D transrectal ultrasound images generated through HDR prostate brachytherapy. Deep learning methods such as the 3D U-Net used in this scenario appear to be a promising method for automatic catheter segmentation in prostate brachytherapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".