Endocrine and immune function in songbirds exposed to p, p'-DDE and current-use pesticides in apple orchards
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the associated effects of exposure to current-use orchard pesticides and p,p'-DDE on concentrations of corticosterone in response to stress, circulating thyroid hormone levels and thyroid histology, the response to a phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin test as well as immune tissue histopathology in two species of passerines. Wild 16-day-old tree swallows ('Tachycineta bicolor') and 12-day-old eastern bluebirds ('Sialia sialis') from four apple orchards sprayed with pesticides and three non-sprayed reference sites in southern Ontario were tested during 2000-2001. Nestling birds were exposed to as many as seven individual pesticide applications and up to five mixtures of pesticide sprays. Concentrations of p,p'-DDE in tree swallow eggs ranged from 0.054 to 5.440 mg/kg (wet weight); bluebird eggs contained levels from 0.167 to 95.381 mg/kg (wet weight). Following a standardized handling stress coupled with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge, tree swallow nestlings from sprayed orchards showed significantly higher levels of corticosterone relative to non-sprayed chicks; while bluebird chicks exhibited a significant negative association between circulating corticosterone and increasing concentration of p,p' -DDE found in individual egg samples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".