An analysis of trade flows between BRICS and European Union: a quantitative assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BRICS with their outward oriented strategy became the most influential group in international arena. Their economic and political weight which induces the negotiations/discussions with EU, lends the EU a special responsibility for the deeper integration of BRICS. Therefore, the economic impact of EU on the members of BRICS, post 2008 crisis and amidst Brexit declaration is essential to understand and how it affects the trade flows assumes a lot of significance. Against this backdrop, the study attempts to analyse the trade flows and its determinants between EU and BRICS applying gravity model. The estimated results reveal that economic size, market size, distance and the Brexit policy have significant effect on bilateral trade flows between BRICS and EU. BRICS future negotiations with EU as a unified single entity are desirable to expand beyond trade focussing on investments particularly for infrastructure building, technology upgradation and skill development. The study recommends product diversification and digitisation of economies for a smooth and fair trade and to mitigate the risks of present pandemic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.019 | 0.025 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".