Chronic Exposure to 4-Nonylphenol Alters UDP-Glycosyltransferase and Sulfotransferase Clearance of Steroids in the Hard Coral, Pocillopora damicornis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
were investigated. The aim was to understand if ubiquitous nonylphenol ethoxylate contaminants in the marine environment result in altered homeostatic function. Coral colonies were chronically exposed (6 weeks) to a sublethal concentration (1 ppb) of 4NP and sampled over the coral's lunar reproductive cycle. Although activity of steroidogenic enzymes [cytochrome P450 (CYP) 17, CYP 19, and 3-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] and the conjugation enzyme glutathione-S-transferase was not altered, significant increases in the activity of the steroid clearing enzyme UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) were observed. The natural fluctuation of UGT activity with the lunar cycle was replaced with consistently high UGT activity throughout the reproductive cycle during 4NP exposure. No effect of 4NP on the reverse reaction, mediated by β-glucuronidase, was observed. Thus, 4NP shifts the UGT:β-glucuronidase ratio toward greater clearance at points in the lunar cycle where retention of compounds is typically favored. Additionally, 4NP reduced activity of the steroid regeneration enzyme steroid sulfatase, further shifting the system toward clearance rather than regeneration. These data imply that environmentally relevant levels of 4NP may be impacting the reproductive health of corals and threatening the persistence of coral reefs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".