Shear modulus and damping ratio of clay soil under repeated freeze-thaw cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dynamic properties of soil deposits subjected to dynamic loading, such as the shear modulus G and material damping ratio D, are important parameters in ground response seismic analysis. In seasonally frozen regions, these properties can be significantly affected by microstructural changes that occur during freeze-thaw cycles. The current study evaluated the dynamic properties of clayey soil exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. Dynamic triaxial testing was conducted to determine the influence of mean effective consolidation stress, cyclic stress ratio, loading frequency, and freeze-thaw cycles on G-γ and D-γ curves. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to investigate microstructural changes in the clay soil fabric. The results indicate the freeze-thaw process has an important effect on dynamic properties of the soil. The dynamic shear modulus increases with increasing effective confining pressure, loading frequency, and confining pressure, and decreases with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Development of more voids between clay particles after ice lens formation during these cycles results in an increase in the damping ratio, but this trend decreases with increasing confining pressure. Increasing the loading frequency increases or decreases the damping ratio depending upon the mean effective confining pressure and number of freeze-thaw cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".