Electro-Inductive Effect: Using an Electrode as a Functional Group to Control the Reactivity of Molecules with Voltage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new general method of controlling the chemical reactivity of molecules is proposed. Instead of tuning the electronic properties of reactive molecules by employing functional groups that impose different inductive effects to a molecule, we propose to immobilize the parent molecule onto an electrode, for example by installing a thiol group to the molecule and forming a self-assembled monolayer on a gold surface. By applying a voltage the electronic property of the immobilized molecule can be tuned, as is commonly done by decorating the molecule with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. As a proof of principle, it is shown that the base-catalyzed saponification of benzoic ester can be shut down completely by applying a negative voltage, while it can be accelerated by using a positive voltage. Furthermore it is shown that the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction can be affected by the voltage when the arylhalide substrate of the reaction is immobilized on a gold electrode.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".