Effect of Freeze Pipe Eccentricity in Artificial Ground Freezing Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Building concentric tubes is one of biggest practical challenges in the construction of freeze-pipes of artificial ground freezing (AGF) applications for deep underground mines. In this study, the influence of tubes eccentricity on phase-front expansion (i.e., expansion of the frozen body) and energy consumption of AGF systems is analyzed. A 1+1D semi-conjugate model that solves two-phase transient energy conservation equation is derived. The model is firstly validated against experimental data and then verified with a fully-conjugate model from the literature. After that, the model is extended to a field scale of typical deep underground mines to study freeze-pipe eccentricity. The results show that an eccentric freeze pipe can reduce the phase-front expansion by around 25%, as compared with a concentric one. Also, the geometrical profile of the phase-front is significantly influenced by the freeze-pipe eccentricity. Furthermore, in the passive zone, where AGF coolants are isolated from the ground to reduce energy consumption, freeze pipe eccentricity can increase the coolant heat gain by 10%. This percentage can increase up to 200% if radiation heat transfer is minimized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".