Evolution of mesoscopic domain structure and macroscopic properties in lead-free Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 ferroelectric ceramics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bismuth sodium titanate and related compounds are promising lead-free ferroelectric materials potentially useful in a wide range of piezoelectric applications. The domain structure plays an important role in determining the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties and thereby the performance of electromechanical transducers. In this work, piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is used to gain insights into the mesoscopic-scale domain structure and its evolution under electric field in the (1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBaTiO3 (BNT-BT) piezoceramics with compositions varying from x = 0 to x = 0.08. A phase transition from the rhombohedral phase to the tetragonal phase is observed with increasing BT contents. A relationship is established between the relaxor behavior and the domain structures imaged by PFM, i.e., short-range polar regions without visible domains in relaxor ceramics of pure BNT, while long-range ordered polar states with clear domains in ferroelectric ceramics with the addition of BT content. Distinct micro-domains are observed in the ceramics with compositions close to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), but the domain size drops to nanometers in the MPB composition with an increasing domain wall density. An electric field can induce the transformation from the relaxor behavior to a ferroelectric state, accompanied by an increase in domain sizes and a rearrangement/reorientation of the polar domains. This study of domain structure and its evolution in BNT-BT provides a better understanding of the relationship between the crystal structure, mesoscopic-scale domains, and macroscopic properties in these important lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".