A comprehensive review on genetically modified fish: key techniques, applications and future prospects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Genetically modified fish is a general term used for whole fish whose DNA has been artificially altered by directly integrating (or deleting) single or multiple genes to introduce or modify a targeted character. Different techniques have been performed to produce genetically modified fish. Importantly, the introduction of various types of fluorescent proteins has dramatically expanded the range of applications of genetically modified fish. Currently, genetically modified fish have been widely employed as experimental models for medical science, pharmacology and environmental toxicology. The commercial application of genetically modified fish in aquaculture is still up for debate, although the first commercialization of genetically modified fish, GloFish, was in 2003, and further, the United States and Canada approved the commercial production and sale of the AquAdvantage Salmon. In this review, we discuss the principles and developmental history of fish transgenesis via gene transfer and gene‐editing techniques, and their applications in diverse fields. Further, challenges and prospects associated with the genetically modified fish are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".