Human Temporomandibular Joint Motion: A Synthesis Approach for Designing a Six-Bar Kinematic Simulator
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The human earcanal can accommodate several types of in-ear devices including hearing aids, earphones, hearing protectors, and earplugs. This canal-type home has a neighbor called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) whose movements slightly deform the shape of the earcanal. While these cyclic deformations can influence the positioning, comfort, and functioning of ear-fitted devices, they can also provide a significant amount of energy to harvest. Given their importance, the TMJ movements and earcanal deformations have been well studied. However, their mutual actions are still not fully understood. This paper presents the development of a six-bar kinematic TMJ simulator capable of replicating the complicated motion of the jaw. The development relies on a two-phase mechanism design algorithm to numerically optimize and analytically synthesize linkage mechanisms for which the classical optimization approaches cannot return a converged solution. The proposed algorithm enables the design of a kinematic simulator to generate the TMJ path with an average error as low as 1.65% while respecting all the hinge-axis parameters of the jaw. This algorithm can be subsequently used to solve nonlinear complex linkage synthesis problems, and ultimately, the developed kinematic simulator can be used to further investigate TMJ–earcanal interactions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it