A technical guide to supraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition that occurs owing to neurogenic, arterial, and/or venous compression in the thoracic outlet.1Hussain M.A. Aljabri B. Al-Omran M. Vascular thoracic outlet syndrome.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 28: 151-157Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar There are two main surgical approaches to TOS decompression: transaxillary and supraclavicular. The supraclavicular approach has several potential advantages, including that it allows for complete anterior and middle scalenectomy, resection of cervical and first ribs, brachial plexus neurolysis, and vascular reconstruction.1Hussain M.A. Aljabri B. Al-Omran M. Vascular thoracic outlet syndrome.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 28: 151-157Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 2Sanders R.J. Annest S.J. Technique of supraclavicular decompression for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.J Vasc Surg. 2015; 61: 821-825Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 3Caputo F.J. Wittenberg A.M. Vemuri C. Driskill M.R. Earley J.A. Rastogi R. et al.Supraclavicular decompression for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in adolescent and adult populations.J Vasc Surg. 2013; 57: 149-157Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, 4Sanders R.J. Hammond S.L. Management of cervical ribs and anomalous first ribs causing neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.J Vasc Surg. 2002; 36: 51-56Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar The objective of this video guide was to demonstrate a comprehensive approach to supraclavicular TOS decompression. A young woman presented with right-sided arterial and neurogenic TOS at a high-volume tertiary care TOS center. Signs and symptoms of arterial compression included arm fatigue with use, pallor, and absent radial pulse with provocative maneuvers. Neurogenic symptoms included hand and arm pain, paresthesia, and weakness. Duplex ultrasound examination showed a normal flow in the subclavian artery at rest, but occlusion with provocative maneuvers. A computed tomography scan confirmed presence of a right-sided cervical rib. A right-sided supraclavicular incision was made starting from the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and extending laterally to the medial border of the trapezius muscle (Video 1). The operation was subsequently divided into six main steps. (1) Creation of subplatysmal flaps (00:34); (2) mobilization of the scalene fat pad (01:07); (3) anterior scalenectomy (01:44); (4) brachial plexus neurolysis (03:05); (5) middle scalenectomy (03:37); and (6) resection of the cervical (04:27) and first ribs (04:54). In addition, details about patient positioning, electrocautery set-up, surgical instruments, postoperative care, and potential complications are provided in the video. Key steps of the procedure are also illustrated in Fig 1, including (A) isolation of the anterior scalene muscle; (B) result after anterior scalenectomy; (C) isolation of the middle scalene muscle for middle scalenectomy; and (D) resected first rib. Fig 2 shows the result with demonstration of the long thoracic nerve, brachial plexus, subclavian artery, and phrenic nerve.Fig 2Final result with demonstration of the long thoracic nerve (LTN), brachial plexus (BP), subclavian artery (SCA), and phrenic nerve (PN).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) We believe this video will inform vascular surgeons about the complexities of supraclavicular TOS decompression, help them to optimize their surgical approach, and/or encourage them to refer TOS patients to appropriate centers of excellence. The patient agreed to the recording and publication of this video. https://www.jvscit.org/cms/asset/1e79b623-ad53-4eb5-b6fe-f1cd3b1e3e14/mmc1.mp4Loading ... Download .mp4 (111.76 MB) Help with .mp4 files Video 1Supraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression technical guide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".