Compact Wideband Coupled-Waveguide Balun for Millimeter-Wave Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a compact wideband balun for millimeter-wave (mmW) applications, which is constructed from tightly coupled half-mode substrate-integrated waveguides (HMSIWs). This balun takes full advantage of the frequency-independent out-of-phase property of the odd TE0.5,0mode of the coupled-HMSIW system. As a result, a phase difference of 180° and balanced amplitudes between two balun outputs are obtained inherently over a wide frequency range. Thanks to the similarity of partial transverse fields, this odd mode can be excited by a conventional slotline in a straightforward manner. This design concept is verified by both simulation and measurement. Measurement shows that this balun has a fractional bandwidth of 97%, from 17 to 49 GHz, with a return loss of 10 dB at its unbalanced port; the in-band amplitude and phase imbalances between two balanced ports are within ±0.6 dB and ±5° (±10° at around 48 GHz), respectively. In addition, the core-circuit size of the proposed balun is about 0.2 λg x 0.57λg, where λg is the guided wavelength at the center frequency of 33 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".