International Transportation of Ultrafine Bubble Dispersions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interlaboratory comparison can be effective to obtain consistent findings on ultrafine bubbles (UFBs). In this study, the stability of UFBs during international transportation was reported for the first time. We conducted stability tests in cooperation with German and Canadian institutions. UFBs were measured using two laser-based characterization techniques: particle tracking analysis (PTA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Acceleration and temperature during transportation were also measured. The results showed that regardless of transportation, the number concentration of UFBs decreased, while the size of UFBs increased with time. By filling the glass vial with UFB dispersion and minimizing the liquid flow in the vial, the effects of transportation were virtually eliminated. It was also suggested that the liquid flow caused by vibration during transportation may have enhanced the aggregation of UFBs. We report the results of an inter-instrumental comparison among PTA and DLS instruments using the transported UFB dispersions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".