Ending the Erasure?: Writing Race into the Story of Psychological Detentions – Examining R. v. Le
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When does a police detention begin? In various instances, the answer to this question may be entirely obscure but nevertheless consequential to one’s constitutional rights and the admission of evidence. Even in the absence of circumstances where police officers employ physical restraint, the Supreme Court of Canada has recognized that law enforcement officials may nevertheless “psychologically detain” an individual. Specifically, a reasonable person may believe that they are simply unable to walk away from a police-initiated encounter and are compelled to respond to questioning. Due possibly to a sense of coercion, this perceived inability may arise even where the detention is or appears arbitrary. Such interactions beg certain questions. How does one construct the “reasonable person” in police-initiated encounters? With what characteristics are they imbued? Because many encounters transpire between police officers and racialized individuals, should the person’s ethnicity or racial background be a constitutive characteristic of the reasonable person?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".