Examining gender roles in family leisure food provisions: a longitudinal photographic analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate how gender roles around family leisure food provisions have changed over time. To do this, family photographs depicting a variety of family leisure food provisions in New Zealand over the last 100 years were analyzed. Photographs are a useful lens for addressing such issues. They document aspects of lives that we may be unable to see easily via other sources. The photographs utilized in this study came from a combination of archival family photograph albums and more recent albums sourced privately through advertising and snowball sampling. They were analyzed using qualitative visual thematic analysis. The findings are categorized based on different leisure settings and show the nature of changes in gender in each setting over time. We found that despite social changes contributing to the empowerment of women, they still carry the main responsibility for the facilitation of food-related chores in the leisure experience. While men take the ‘frontstage glory’ of food preparation during family leisure occasions, women are shown either in the kitchen alone or looking after small children doing the ‘backstage work’.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".