Underlying Mechanisms in Groundwater Remediation via In Situ Chemical Oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Remediation of groundwater contaminated by organic compounds in porous and fractured media is a persistent and not well understood challenge. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a remediation technology that delivers oxidants to the subsurface to transform contaminants into benign products. The reactions take place in the aqueous phase where the oxidant comes in contact with the dissolved phase of the contaminant. In this work, we report on the impact of by-product formation on the effectiveness of ISCO. We conducted a series of batch experiments to identify by-products and increase our understanding for time scales required for complete mineralization of petroleum hydrocarbons. This was coupled with micro-CT imaging of column experiments and imaging in a glass fractured rock replica to track the formation of gaseous and solid by-products and determine their effect on flow, transport, and mass transfer. The final aim of this study is to propose novel strategies for improved remediation efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".