Impact of body mass and alcohol consumption on all‐cause and liver mortality in 240 000 adults in the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Nationally representative studies of the combined impact of drinking and body mass (BMI) on mortality outcomes are unavailable. We investigate whether both act together to elevate risk of all‐cause or liver mortality. Methods We obtained self‐reported histories of drinking and BMI from 129 098 women (mean age 47.2 years) and 102 568 men (mean age 45.6 years) ≥18 years interviewed from 1997 to 2004 in the National Health Interview Survey and related these data to the deaths that occurred by 31 December 2006 (women = 8486; men = 7819 deaths). Death hazards among current drinkers in different BMI groups were adjusted for age, education, race and smoking. Results Obese (≥30 kg m −2 ) adults with consumption of >40 g day −1 (women) or >60 g day −1 (men) pure ethanol were at risk of increased mortality from all‐cause and chronic liver disease (P trend <0.0001). For heavy drinkers with BMI ≥30 kg m −2 , each 5 kg m −2 higher BMI was associated with an elevated all‐cause mortality in men (hazard ratios 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–1.40) and women (1.12, [1.02–1.24]). The excess risk due to interaction was more pronounced in men (7.30, [3.60–11.00]) than women (2.90, [0.50–5.30]). Discussion and Conclusions Obesity and excess alcohol are both related to all‐cause and liver mortality—the latter with evidence of a supra‐additive interaction between the risk factors. The presence of both factors in the same population and their impact should inform treatment, public health policies and research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".