Gestion des déchets dans les villes en développement : transfert, adaptation de schéma et sources de financement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The urban solid waste management sector in Developing Countries encounters difficulties and great challenges. Scientific research data show that it is possible to control the waste management if the households or the first line actors are accountable or if the polluter pays. It appears from this study that the organization of the urban waste collection in Developing Countries may be inspired by what is practiced in Canadian cities, namely the City of Trois-Rivières, Quebec. Although the composition of their waste is not identical, the funding sources of waste could be mirrored. The structured subdivision and occupation of the territory and the availability of a municipal tax account to every citizen or household or home in Trois-Rivières facilitates the collection of the taxes and the fees to finance the waste management. The development, the implementation and the monitoring of regulations are also of great help to solve the management problems in this sector. On the basis of assets available to developing countries, a scenario to levy taxes for the urban salubrity or for the sustainable development could be based on some taxation vectors considered as priorities by the population, namely Mobile phone, electricity consumption, running water or oil products. So municipalities in developing countries can face their responsabilities in this area and get rid of the burden of some of external fundings. La gestion des déchets rencontre des difficultés dans la plupart des PED. L’analyse des retours d’expérience révèle cependant que la mise en application du principe « pollueur – payeur » contribue à une meilleure maîtrise de cette gestion. Cette étude montre que l’organisation de la collecte des déchets municipaux à Lomé est similaire à celle de la ville de Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada. Bien que la composition des déchets ne soit pas identique, les modes de financement du secteur déchet de la ville de Trois-Rivières pourraient être transplantées à Lomé. L’organisation du territoire et la disposition de compte bancaire pour chaque citoyen à Trois-Rivières facilite le payement des taxes et des redevances liées à la gestion des déchets. Sur la base des atouts (réseaux de téléphonie mobile, compagnie électrique, réseaux d’eau potable) dont disposent le Togo, un scénario de prélèvement de taxe de développement durable pourrait être fixé sur les compagnies jugées de première importance par la population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".