Variable Repetition Rate THz Source for Ultrafast Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Broadband THz pulses enable ultrafast electronic transport experiments on the nanoscale by coupling THz electric fields into the devices with antennas, asperities, or scanning probe tips. Here, we design a versatile THz source optimized for driving the highly resistive tunnel junction of a scanning tunneling microscope. The source uses optical rectification in lithium niobate to generate arbitrary THz pulse trains with freely adjustable repetition rates between 0.5 and 41 MHz. These induce subpicosecond voltage transients in the tunnel junction with peak amplitudes between 0.1 and 12 V, achieving a conversion efficiency of 0.4 V/(kV/cm) from far-field THz peak electric field strength to peak junction voltage in the STM. Tunnel currents in the quantum limit of less than one electron per THz pulse are readily detected at multi-MHz repetition rates. The ability to tune between high pulse energy and high signal fidelity makes this THz source design effective for exploration of ultrafast and atomic-scale electron dynamics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it