Adsorption of Indigo Carmine onto Chitosan - Cerium Oxide Nanobiosorbent: Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present work was designed to synthesize a Chitosan (CS) - Cerium oxide (CeO 2 )nanobiosorbent and study the adsorption of Indigo Carmine. The adsorption equilibrium data were better fitted in the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating that adsorption is occurring on a heterogeneous surface in the multilayer pattern. Low pH values (3 and 4), low initial Indigo Carmine concentration (50 mg/L), high adsorbent concentration (500 mg/L) and relatively high temperatures (50 °C) exhibited the highest removal efficiency towards the examined dye. The pseudo-second order kinetic model described better the adsorption process;thus, it can be stated that chemisorption between the adsorbent and the adsorbate is occurring. According to the thermodynamic analysis, adsorption process is spontaneous, exothermic and more favorable at high temperatures. FTIR analysis confirmed the adsorption of the dye onto the CS/CeO 2 nanobiosorbent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".