Integration of Failure Detector in Bias Filter for Estimation of False Data Injection Cyberattacks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to enable many of the required smart grid functionalities, distribution systems are becoming increasingly dependent on state estimators. Many cyber-attacks attempt false data injection (FDI) attacks on such state estimators. The majority of the existing literature deal with FDIs in distribution systems state estimation either by the analysis of the residual vector elements, or by the analysis of historical data. In this work, we adopt an alternative approach for the detection of FDIs in distribution system state estimation, wherein FDIs are modelled as measurement biases and a bias filter is employed for FDI detection. Additionally, in order to enable the detection of time-variable FDIs, a failure detector is integrated in the recursive formulation of the bias filter, which is based on the Kalman filter. The developed approach is accordingly capable of identifying time-varying FDIs, which can evade many of the existing FDI detection methods. Simulation case studies are performed on the IEEE 13-node and 123-node feeders with different FDIs and the performance of the proposed approach is analyzed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".