Oestrous cycle in female mice is ‘immune’ to variability

Biological sex is being increasingly recognized as a significant variable in biomedical research. Numerous animal and human studies demonstrate that males and females can differ significantly in their genetics, anatomy, physiology and behaviour through various stages of development and ageing. Moreover, these inherent sex differences in male and female biology directly contribute to sex differences in disease incidence, severity, onset and treatment response (Miller et al. 2017). Despite these striking sex differences in health and disease, females have been traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research. In response, guidelines implemented by funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health have led to significant improvement in the recruitment of women in clinical research. However, traditional sex biases still significantly influence how scientists approach basic and preclinical animal research. Male animals still predominate and neglect of females is widespread in varying disciplines of preclinical research, including physiology, pharmacology, neuroscience, endocrinology and immunology (Beery & Zucker, 2011). The underrepresentation of females in preclinical research is based on assumptions that data from males can predict results in females or that sex differences are mainly associated with reproductive function. In particular, female animals are commonly excluded in the belief that they are intrinsically more variable than males due to the fluctuation of hormones across their oestrus cycle (Beery & Zucker, 2011). Surprisingly, there are few studies to support this widely held belief. The article by Breznik and colleagues in this issue of the Journal of Physiology tests this widely held belief by assessing whether the oestrous cycle or biological sex significantly influence peripheral blood immune cell population and variability in the commonly used C57BL/6J mice. The authors utilized a method known as flow cytometry to precisely identify and quantify various types of immune cells in peripheral blood, otherwise known as immunophenotyping. Using vaginal cytology to identify the various oestrous stages, the authors found that the peripheral immune cell prevalence or variability was not altered across the four stages of the oestrous cycle in female mice. They did find significant sex differences in immune cell prevalence, with a greater number of monocytes, neutrophils and natural killer cells in male mice, whilst female mice had a higher proportion of lymphocytes. Interestingly, they found that male mice exhibit greater variability in peripheral immunophenotype than their female counterparts, which was influenced by body weight. In summary, the study by Breznik and colleagues contradicts the popular belief that fluctuation of the hormones during the oestrous cycle affects physiological traits and data variability in female animals. Rather, the authors found that it was the male, and not female, mice which showed greater variability in peripheral immunophenotype. Indeed, previous meta-analyses of behavioural, physiological, anatomical and molecular traits from mouse (Prendergast et al. 2014) and rat studies (Dayton et al. 2016) revealed that male animals may be just as variable, or even more so, than females. Whilst female animals have higher levels of oestrogen than male animals, males have higher levels and fluctuations of testosterone – a hormone which can affect body weight and consequently data variability in males. Given that data variability may differ between sexes with certain physiological traits, such as immunophenotype, the authors note that the common approach of using equal sample numbers for both sexes may not be suitable for all study designs. Hence, future studies to better understand data variability in male and female traits across a broad range of biological disciplines will be critical in guiding optimal study design and statistical analysis for each sex. Overall, the study by (Breznik et al. 2021) provides compelling experimental proof that that hormonal variability no longer justifies the neglect of female animals in basic and preclinical studies. Considering the undeniable sex differences in the incidence of autoimmune disorders (e.g. multiple sclerosis) or susceptibility to viral infections (e.g. COVID-19), the current findings will hopefully renew the enthusiasm for considering sex as a variable in the field of immunology – which ranks one of the lowest in biological disciplines for reporting the sex of animal or human subjects in published papers (Beery & Zucker, 2011). On the other hand, the increased research cost and time of including both sexes will still be a major obstacle for the research community. However, one cannot ignore the fact that overreliance on the male sex in preclinical research has, in part, contributed to unforeseen sex-biased adverse effects in women during clinical research. Thus, analysing sex as a variable in preclinical research has the potential to save much greater cost and time by minimizing health risks and costly failures during the clinical trials. In support, prominent research agencies such as the Canadian Institutes of Health Research have taken steps to ensure that sex and gender are an integral component of the whole research process, including project rationale, experimental design, methods, analysis and translation (Duchesne et al. 2017). Taken together, considering sex as a significant biological variable in basic, preclinical and clinical studies in will not only produce precise and reproducible results applicable for both males and females, but also optimize health outcomes for both men and women – who account for more than half the world's population. The author does not have any conflicts of interest. Sole author. No funding was received for the preparation of the manuscript.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.