Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter addresses Jews and the courts more generally between the early years of the twentieth century and the Second World War. Jews were keen litigants in the lower-level civil courts, particularly in the Whitechapel and Shoreditch county courts presided over from 1911 by Judge Albert Rowland Cluer. Although an able judge, Cluer possessed many foibles and prejudices, and the chapter assesses whether Jewish litigants had their cases fairly tried and whether they were adequately represented by the Jewish barristers who regularly appeared there. It also considers the small minority of Jewish businessmen who were charged at the Old Bailey and quarter sessions with credit fraud, fraudulent claims against insurance companies, and illegal share-pushing schemes. The number of Jewish bankruptcies was also high, for Jewish businessmen tended to be risk-takers and entrepreneurs, always seeking new opportunities in the market—and sometimes, in the process, exposing themselves to prosecution. After the Second World War, many moved into the urban property market or took over sluggish public companies with hidden assets.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it