Bio-sourced vinyl ester resin reinforced with microfibrillar cellulose: Mechanical and thermal properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New thermoset composite material made from cardanol-based resin blended with microfibrillar cellulose was compared to petroleum-based vinyl ester and glass-fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester in terms of mechanical, thermal, rheological and surface properties of produced polymers and composites. The bio-sourced material was less resistant than the commercial vinyl ester but comparable to the unsaturated polyester resin. Microfibrillar cellulose increased the tensile strength and modulus but increased the resin viscosity and decreased the mixture homogeneity. The bio-sourced and commercial resins displayed similar hydrophobic behavior, and cellulose slightly decreased composite hydrophobicity. The glass transition temperature of the bio-sourced material was comparable to that of the unsaturated polyester. Thermal decompositions of composites and thermoset polymers were also similar. Cellulose and cardanol thus may be adequate as sustainable components in the composite materials industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".