Manipulating Oxidation of Silicon with Fresh Surface Enabling Stable Battery Anode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silicon (Si)-based material is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report the fabrication of a silicon oxide–carbon (SiO x /C) nanocomposite through the reaction between silicon particles with fresh surface and H 2 O in a mild hydrothermal condition, as well as conducting carbon coating synchronously. We found that controllable oxidation could be realized for Si particles to produce uniform SiO x after the removal of the native passivation layer. The uniform oxidation and conductive coating offered the as-fabricated SiO x /C composite good stability at both particle and electrode level over electrochemical cycling. The as-fabricated SiO x /C composite delivered a high reversible capacity of 1133 mAh g –1 at 0.5 A g –1 with 89.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles. With 15 wt % SiO x /C composite, graphite-SiO x /C hybrid electrode displayed a high reversible specific capacity of 496 mAh g –1 and stable electrochemical cycling with a capacity retention of 90.1% for 100 cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".