Some observations in soil–pipe model tests under vertical uplift loading in compacted clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Physical model tests are conducted to measure the soil resistance exerted on a steel pipe under vertical uplift loading at varying displacement rates in compacted clay. It is observed that the measured soil ultimate resistances are much lower (two to three times in magnitude) than those recommended by existing design guidelines for pipelines buried at shallow depths. This large discrepancy is attributed to the differences in failure modes observed in the tests and assumed in the guidelines. Under vertical uplift loading, the tensile failure mode is more dominant than the shear failure mode in compacted clay at shallow depths, which is not taken into account in the existing guidelines. Furthermore, the results illustrate that the soil–pipe system exhibits a time- or rate-dependent behaviour under vertical uplift loading – that is, ‘isotach’ behaviour. The soil resistance increases with increasing pipe displacement rate, or vice versa. The soil resistance drops by 10–30% when stress relaxation is allowed. Practical implications of this time-dependent behaviour of compacted clay on the performance of buried pipelines subjected to long-term ground movement are addressed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".