Canada’s Civilian Cyber Warriors and the International Legal Implications of a ‘Strong, Secured, and Engaged’ Cyber Policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The past two years have marked a turning point in Canada’s cyber defence and security policy. In “Strong, Secure and Engaged,” the Government of Canada called on the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) to adopt a more assertive cyber posture. To implement this policy, the CAF will have to rely heavily on Canada’s civilian signals intelligence agency, the Communications Security Establishment (CSE). Under the proposed Bill C-59: An Act Respecting National Security Matters, CSE’s responsibilities will be expanded to include the provision of technical and operational assistance to CAF and the Department of National Defence, and a mandate to engage in defensive and active cyber operations. This paper assesses the international legal implications arising from CSE’s expanded mandate and the risks of relying on civilians to engage in offensive operations in an armed conflict. Looking to our five eyes partners for guidance, the paper also makes a series of policy proposals to minimize the risks to Canadian security and international relations arising from those implications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".