Effect of Ionization on Aqueous Phase Radical Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid and Cationic Monomers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthesis of polyampholytes by radical copolymerization of cationic and anionic monomers in aqueous solutions is investigated using in situ NMR to track monomer conversions and relative consumption rates. The batch copolymerization kinetics of two cationic monomers, 2-(methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (TMAEMC) and 3-(methacryloylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC), with fully ionized acrylic acid (NaA) are compared with each other and also to their copolymerization with nonionized acrylic acid (AA). TMAEMC, with its ester functionality, exhibits higher reactivity than MAPTAC, with both of the cationic monomers preferentially incorporated into the copolymers relative to both AA and NaA. The increased relative incorporation rate of the cationic comonomers when copolymerized with NaA compared to AA is attributed to the electrostatic repulsion to addition of NaA monomer to an NaA radical and the favored cross-propagation steps between oppositely charged species. The data set is used to estimate system reactivity ratios that accurately capture the dependence of comonomer composition drift on initial monomer concentrations and composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".