A Monolithic Amorphous-Selenium/CMOS Single-Photon-Counting X-Ray Detector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the design and characterization of a monolithic single-photon-counting (SPC) X-ray detector integrating an amorphous semiconductor sensor. Our prototype combines amorphous selenium (a-Se), a well-known photoconductor, with a CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) containing two 26×196 arrays of single-energy-threshold pixels. We achieve high spatial resolution for capturing single 60-keV photons by implementing 11.4- μ\textm-pitch pixels and by integrating a 70- μ\textm-thick a-Se sensor on the ROIC. We present experimental SPC results using a mono-energetic 60-keV radioactive source. Our results also suggest that our prototype a-Se/CMOS detector leverages the small-pixel effect (SPE) due to the large ratio of a-Se thickness to pixel pitch. This effect could overcome the slow inherent transient response of a-Se for high count rate X-ray diagnostic applications like mammography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".