Bibliographic record
Abstract
The oceans are becoming a significant source of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) emissions, a finding that must be accounted for when enforcing the ban on this chemical in coming years, according to a new model ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2021, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021528118 ). Worldwide production of CFC-11 was banned as of 2010 under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. After 2012, however, global emissions of the chemical actually rose , reaching about 10 Gg per year. Emissions began falling as of 2018, but these recent high-level emissions highlight the need for a deeper understanding of CFC-11 lifetimes, says Peidong Wang , a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who worked on the modeling study. The oceans have absorbed a significant amount of CFC-11, taking up as much as 1% of global emissions of the substance in 1994 and extending the chemical’s lifetime on Earth.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".