Experimental and <scp>CFD</scp> study of sodium alginate droplets impacting onto immiscible deep liquid surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the present study, the impingement process of alginate droplet on an immiscible liquid is investigated using experimental and numerical approaches. The results reveal that the intensity of interaction between the two immiscible liquids leads to formation of different droplet shapes after impingement. The droplet yield stress, Ohnesorge number ( Oh ), and Weber number ( We ) were found to be the chief parameters which determine the droplet shape after impingement. Three discernible shapes of droplets could be identified from the present investigation: (i) spherical ball, (ii) spherical ball with a tail, and (iii) a toroidal shape. A detailed parameter regime map has been constructed which aids in identifying these three droplet shapes in well‐defined range of Oh and We . Besides, the numerical investigations carried out also helped in deciphering the temporal evolution of the pressure, velocity and kinetic energy fields associated with the drop impingement process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".